Since I've been AWOL for awhile (periodically, sheer depression takes over!), I offer the following lengthy diatribe...
“America’s Iraq War and the Future of the Middle East”America’s war in Iraq is nearly four years old, and has already cost the United States some $261 billion. An April 2006 study by the Congressional Research Service (CRS), a government agency, estimated the Iraq War will easily cost the U.S. more than the earlier Vietnam War. In fact, a second study by two highly respected scholars at Harvard University estimates a total price tag of $1.27 trillion dollars by war’s end! Put another way, with that much money one could spend a whopping $1 million a day every day for the next 2,737 years!!
And yet, for all the costs in both money and manpower, what has America really gained through its Iraq War?
As of the moment, America’s military forces are virtually trapped in Iraq. More than 2500 American troops have died in Iraq, and thousands more have been wounded, with no end in sight and no clear exit strategy. The U.S. government, moreover, doesn’t even keep track of Iraqi civilian war casualties.
The outpouring of worldwide sympathy for America after the 9/11 attack has virtually dried up, and America’s few remaining allies in the so-called “Coalition of the Willing” have begun to pack up and leave Iraq (Japan’s last few troops returned home to Tokyo on July 25th, for instance). International opinion polls show that overall distrust of America is on the rise worldwide, and especially in the Middle East where people increasingly view the Iraq War as an American war on Arabs and Islam.
Violence of all sorts is on the rise. Worldwide acts of terrorism have actually increased in recent years. Sectarian violence between Iraq’s many religious and ethnic groups grows as well, with the civilian death toll in Iraq easily averaging 50 to 100 deaths a day. Estimates vary, but the overall civilian death toll in Iraq stands at between 35,000 and just over 100,000 since the war began.
After nearly four years of war, the Bush Administration still cannot offer a clear exit strategy for American troops to leave Iraq. At best, the Bush Administration talks vaguely of U.S. troops leaving when the Iraqis can take care of their own security concerns. But, with the ever-rising violence and sectarian strife in Iraq, when might that be?
Worst of all, the Bush administration has sown confusion about the war at home in the U.S. by constantly and repeatedly expressing ever-changing justifications and goals. At various times, the Bush Administration has claimed that American troops were in Iraq for the following reasons: to overthrow Saddam Hussein and his regime, to eliminate weapons of mass destruction, to prevent Saddam from giving WMDs to Al Qaeda, to end Saddam’s alleged nuclear weapons program, to bring democracy to Iraq, to jump-start democratization in the Middle East, to enhance America’s security, to better protect Iraq’s oil reserves, to fight terrorism, to protect Israel, to end sectarian violence in Iraq.
Perhaps my least “favorite” justification, because it seems so morally indefensible, is one that Vice President Dick Cheney has often repeated: “We are fighting the terrorists in Iraq so that we don’t have to fight them in the streets of America.” Yes, I suppose that’s good for America, but it’s probably of very small comfort to the tens of thousands of Iraqi civilians who’ve died supposedly to protect America’s streets.
As we all know, Iraq possessed no weapons of mass destruction in 2002. Iraq also had no nuclear weapons program. Saddam even had no concrete connection with Al Qaeda, and in fact Osama Bin Laden had no love for Saddam’s secular regime. Recently declassified pre-war intelligence reports verify these points.
Americans are no safer now than before; in fact, they are dying in greater numbers due to the fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan. Nor is Israel any safer, as the recent war with Hezbollah in Lebanon proved. In fact, I would suggest that the overall security situation for both the U.S. and Israel has worsened appreciably. With America bogged down in Iraq, the Bush Administration is too distracted and overextended to deal effectively with the more serious threats of a nuclear-armed Iran or North Korea. Meanwhile, and perhaps more significantly, the Israeli-Palestinian problem is left to fester, despite the fact that it’s America’s lack of serious commitment to bringing justice to the Palestinians that most angers the Arab street!
One last point: so long as the insurgents in Iraq continue to hold out against America’s vastly superior military forces, then U.S. military supremacy is called into question.
So what went wrong? Why has America’s Middle East policy proven such a dismal failure?
It seems to me, as recent political cartoons by Doonesbury suggest, that the Bush Administration has let emotion and ideology, and not history or the facts on the ground, guide its Middle East policy.
George Bush, America’s president, really does let his religious beliefs guide his policy decisions, and nowhere is that fact more evident than in Bush’s foreign policy in Iraq and the Middle East.
For example, in George Bush’s worldview, people and nations are divided into two distinct camps: good and evil. You cannot be a little of both. You cannot sometimes be one, and sometimes the other. America and those who support America are “good,” because Bush believes America’s motives in the Middle East are good. Everyone else is “evil,” because they oppose America’s goals in the Middle East. The “terrorists” are especially evil, in Bush’s mind, and so that is why he uses the term “terrorist” to describe so many different and diverse groups, from Hamas to Hezbollah to Al Qaeda to Iran to Syria, to any and all insurgents in Iraq…well, you probably get the idea.
What Bush is decidedly NOT interested in are the historical conditions that gave rise to such groups as Hamas and Hezbollah. Nor does he care about their goals or motivations. They are simply branded as “evil,” and therefore nothing they say or do is worthy of attention. Being “evil,” they can have no justification for their actions whatsoever.
Fighting “evil,” however, provides America an excuse to ignore international law and go against international treaties when convenient. The U.S. is arguably going against the Geneva Conventions by holding detainees indefinitely and without charge at its base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. One could also cite the repeated use of torture by Americans at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.
Conversely, America’s Allies, especially Israel, America’s number one ally in the Middle East, can do no wrong. As the so-called ‘lone democracy’ in the Middle East, Israel has been given near carte blanche by the Bush Administration to do what it feels it needs to do to its neighbors. The one catch is that Israel must frame its actions against the Palestinians or Lebanese in terms acceptable to American ears. Israel must justify its actions in terms of pursuing “security” and combating “terrorism,” for instance. For both Israel and the U.S., the ends (combating so-called “terrorists”) truly justify the means (killing great numbers of innocent civilians and reducing the remainder to miserable circumstances).
And innocent civilians are now dying by the hundreds every day in the Middle East: in Iraq, in Lebanon, in Afghanistan, and in Israel and Gaza, to name but the most obvious examples. Yet even as the death toll worsens, Bush still refuses to let his vision of the Middle East be clouded in any way. Why is that?
Bush, it seems, is pursuing a long-term vision for the Middle East. The 9/11 attacks made the war on terrorism the central mission of the Bush presidency. Bush is convinced the U.S. is fighting terrorism in Iraq, and ultimately preventing Iraq from becoming a haven for terrorists by turning Iraq into a democracy. The Bush Administration sees Israel doing the same, fighting terrorism, in its violent incursions into Gaza and Lebanon. Yes, there will be an unfortunate loss of innocent civilian life, but in the end there will be a better and more peaceful Middle East once the terrorist groups such as Hamas and Hezbollah have been shattered. Destroy the “evil” groups, and you destroy “evil,” and then only the good guys remain. At least that seems to be the new Bush doctrine, and Bush is holding steady to that vision, despite the fact that the rest of the world pretty unanimously would prefer an immediate ceasefire and an end to all hostilities in the Middle East.
In the long run, however, the Bush vision is likely to prove detrimental to U.S. and Israeli interests. The first problem is that it looks too much like Imperial America trying to impose its will and desires on the Middle East. Middle Easterners note repeatedly that while the U.S. claims to be acting in their best interests, the U.S. does not consult with them or listen to what THEY want. Second, there is no guarantee that superior military power will completely destroy the Iraqi insurgents or Hamas or Hezbollah. In fact, as the situation in Iraq suggests, punishing military action only produces MORE insurgents and terrorists. And let’s not forget that it was Israel’s military campaign against Palestinian fighters in Lebanon in the early 1980s that helped create the conditions for the rise of Hezbollah in the first place. Third, the peoples of the Middle East are getting absolutely sick and tired of seeing images on TV of the dead civilian casualties of American or Israeli bombs and bullets. The greater the number of dead Arabs, the more the Arab street turns its anger and frustration against America, and it questions whether Americans value Arab life as highly as any other. Finally, the fact that America is very inconsistent in promoting democratization in the Middle East breeds distrust of the sincerity of America’s motives. America, the Arab street notes, is most enthusiastic in pushing democracy on countries like Syria and Iran that it doesn’t like, while doing little to encourage greater democracy in friendly, pro-U.S. oil sheikdoms such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
What, then, of the future of the Middle East? Normally, I like to try and remain somewhat confident that things will get better some day. Right now, however, I am more depressed about the future of the Middle East than ever before.
The main problem seems to be with the U.S. and with American foreign policy in the Middle East. As the world’s lone superpower, America needs to start implementing policy in the Middle East that recognizes the region’s complex history and socio-political circumstances. The U.S. must stop reducing the Middle East to a simple stereotype of “good” versus “evil.” The U.S. must also follow through on its declarations of wanting to promote greater justice and democratization throughout the Middle East. As I said earlier, the U.S. needs to be as aggressive about pushing democratization in the pro-U.S. oil sheikdoms like Saudi Arabia and Kuwait as in countries the U.S. doesn’t much like such as Syria and Iran.
Above all, the U.S. needs to win the “hearts and minds” of the Arab street! This can best be done if the U.S. finally and aggressively pursues a comprehensive settlement of the Palestinian problem. This settlement must guarantee the Palestinians a measure of justice, which might best take the form of a Palestinian state with enough land and sufficient international aid to insure its viability. If the U.S. would help the Palestinians achieve justice, it would go a long way towards convincing the Arab street that the U.S. cares as much about the lives and livelihoods of Arabs/Moslems more generally.
Some Supplementary Comments:
Bush’s worldview is a key problem: it lacks complexity, nuance, practicality, or historical context; it favors simplicity, vagueness, religious symbolism and terminology, and empty platitudes. Policy-makers are NOT listening to the area experts.
Note on Iraq & Afghanistan and so-called America’s democratization project in the Middle East: In order to have a democracy, a country must first have a state! Democracy is likeliest to take hold where such important elements exist as the rule of law, transparency in government actions, a healthy civil society, high levels of literacy and education, a productive market economy, a strong middle class, limited inequality. Germany and Japan after WWII are NOT good analogies to Iraq as in both of the former cases well-established states already existed; the changes that occurred in Germany & Japan was merely in the style of government. Nations, in the final analysis, can only build themselves; they cannot be easily imposed from the outside.
NBC News on 8/3/06 reported 2800+ civilians killed in Iraq in June and July of 2006 alone!
That same day, the Prime Minister of Lebanon reported over 900 Lebanese dead and over 1 million displaced as a result of Israel’s invasion. The killing, obviously, continues unabated.
Peace!
Historian